History of roads and National Highways

43–410 AD The Romans build about 2,000 miles of road between towns and cities, initially for military purposes. Their roads, such as Fosse Way (Devon to Lincoln) and Watling Street (London to Shropshire), remained in use for centuries and the routes are still followed today.

18th century By the 1830s over 20,000 miles of road have been turnpiked and many surfaces improved thanks to the work of engineers like John Macadam, whose roads are covered with layers of compacted stone. Some stretches of road are run by trustees and funded and maintained by tolls.

1914 The Road Board is set up to build and maintain roads.

1922 Roads are numbered for the first time.

1958 The UK's first motorway opens at Preston, Lancashire - an eight mile stretch of the Preston Bypass (now part of the M6 motorway).

1965 The road signage system created by London designers Jock Kinneir and Margaret Calvert is launched and used on all British roads.

1969 The first 1,000 miles of motorway are completed.

1976 Oil crisis: emergency speed limits are introduced and road building slows.

1986 Margaret Thatcher opens the final section of the M25 motorway.

1993 Protests at Twyford Down change the way governments approach road building.

2001 The first tolled motorway, the M6 Toll, opens around the north of Birmingham.

2015 Highways England is established, and the government launches the first Road Period. This provides a £15 billion investment in England’s roads, the biggest in a generation.

2016 We start trialling 60 mph speed limits, where it’s safe to do so, through roadworks.

2017 We introduce technology to improve customer experience at the roadside, including tablets which our traffic officers use to record on road maintenance needs.

2018 50% of our operational areas start managing asset delivery inhouse during 2017 to 2018.

2019 We open the 12 mile bypass which is part of the £1.5 billion A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon project to traffic more than a year ahead of schedule. The project is the largest we’ve delivered to date.

2020 Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, our critical workers play an important role in keeping our network operational to support the NHS and other emergency services. Life saving medicine, care workers, equipment and supplies are able to get to where they're needed most, along with food and freight..